They should sustain one another in grace throughout the entire length of their lives. To these definitions the assent of the Church can never be wanting, on account of the activity of that same Holy Spirit, by which the whole flock of Christ is preserved and progresses in unity of faith. (94) So it is that that messianic people, although it does not actually include all men, and at times may look like a small flock, is nonetheless a lasting and sure seed of unity, hope and salvation for the whole human race. (165) Bishops, teaching in communion with the Roman Pontiff, are to be respected by all as witnesses to divine and Catholic truth. But since it has pleased God not to manifest solemnly the mystery of the salvation of the human race before He would pour forth the Spirit promised by Christ, we see the apostles before the day of Pentecost "persevering with one mind in prayer with the women and Mary the Mother of Jesus, and with His brethren",(296) and Mary by her prayers imploring the gift of the Spirit, who had already overshadowed her in the Annunciation. 29. Priests, prudent cooperators with the Episcopal order,(72*) its aid and instrument, called to serve the people of God, constitute one priesthood (73*) with their bishop although bound by a diversity of duties. T HE critical study of the dogmatic Constitution De Ecclesia, also called Lumen gentium is the main axis of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. But the faithful, in virtue of their royal priesthood, join in the offering of the Eucharist. E. Diehl, Inscriptiones latinae christianae vereres, 1, Berolini, 1925, nn. Read more. Wherefore this Holy Synod, in expounding the doctrine on the Church, in which the divine Redeemer works salvation, intends to describe with diligence both the role of the Blessed Virgin in the mystery of the Incarnate Word and the Mystical Body, and the duties of redeemed mankind toward the Mother of God, who is mother of Christ and mother of men, particularly of the faithful. to the state of those faithful called the laity. (148) They therefore appointed such men, and gave them the order that, when they should have died, other approved men would take up their ministry. Encycl. Trident., sess. And this is the infallibility which the Roman Pontiff, the head of the college of bishops, enjoys in virtue of his office, when, as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful, who confirms his brethren in their faith,(166) by a definitive act he proclaims a doctrine of faith or morals. It is no wonder therefore that the usage prevailed among the Fathers whereby they called the mother of God entirely holy and free from all stain of sin, as though fashioned by the Holy Spirit and formed as a new creature. Whoever they are they are called upon, as living members, to expend all their energy for the growth of the Church and its continuous sanctification, since this very energy is a gift of the Creator and a blessing of the Redeemer. Paul's priorities map closely with those of the Second Vatican Council, which was ongoing at the time he wrote the encyclical, and many of the themes introduced in the encyclical are further elaborated in the documents of the council, such as Lumen Gentium on the nature of the church, Gaudium et Spes on the relationship between the church and . Those chosen for the fullness of the priesthood are granted the ability of exercising the perfect duty of pastoral charity by the grace of the sacrament of Orders. B. M., Ms. Paris, Mazarine, 1002, fol. 1:22-23. There are also those who . She exhorts her children to purification and renewal so that the sign of Christ may shine more brightly over the face of the earth. Hom. Idem, Litt. Vat. S. Irenaeus, Adv. Indeed, they should imitate by their lively charity, in their joyous hope and by their voluntary sharing of each others' burdens, the very Christ who plied His hands with carpenter's tools and Who in union with His Father, is continually working for the salvation of all men. It is through the sacraments and the exercise of the virtues that the sacred nature and organic structure of the priestly community is brought into operation. Let the faithful remember moreover that true devotion consists neither in sterile or transitory affection, nor in a certain vain credulity, but proceeds from true faith, by which we are led to know the excellence of the Mother of God, and we are moved to a filial love toward our mother and to the imitation of her virtues. 11, 340. It has been argued that, in fact, all the S. Cyrillus Hieros., Catech. The Church itself, by the authority given to it by God, accepts the vows of the newly professed. (122) This characteristic of universality which adorns the people of God is a gift from the Lord Himself. 10: PL 2, 925 C. S. Cyprianus, Hab. Vaticanum II Const. These laymen spend themselves completely in apostolic labors, working the Lord's field with much success.(10*). 4: PG 97, 1321 B. Pius XI, Litt. Sous la maternclle protection, 9 dec. 1957: AAS 50 (19S8) p. 36. 1, 26: PL 23, 247 A. S. Augustinus, In Ps. Hence the Commission, almost unanimously, decided that this wording should be used: "in hierarchical communion." Rev. 21:24. 2, 20; Apoc. Nor should they omit to pray for those placed over them, for they keep watch as having to render an account of their souls, so that they may do this with joy and not with grief. Nor is it by the title of example only that we cherish the memory of those in heaven, but still more in order that the union of the whole Church may be strengthened in the Spirit by the practice of fraternal charity. Cfr. In virtue of his office, that is as Vicar of Christ and pastor of the whole Church, the Roman Pontiff has full, supreme and universal power over the Church. Lumen gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, is one of the principal documents of the Second Vatican Council. 63 Cf. 7, 7: PG S7, 8 I s. 5. Pius XI, Litt. (3) He planned to assemble in the holy Church all those who would believe in Christ. (18*) For in the mystery of the Church, which is itself rightly called mother and virgin, the Blessed Virgin stands out in eminent and singular fashion as exemplar both of virgin and mother. Let them therefore teach the faithful that the authentic cult of the saints consists not so much in the multiplying of external acts, but rather in the greater intensity of our love, whereby, for our own greater good and that of the whole Church, we seek from the saints "example in their way of life, fellowship in their communion, and aid by their intercession. For Mary, who since her entry into salvation history unites in herself and re-echoes the greatest teachings of the faith as she is proclaimed and venerated, calls the faithful to her Son and His sacrifice and to the love of the Father. The Church does not hesitate to profess this subordinate role of Mary. (11) Pius XI, Litt. Provida Mater, 2 Febr. It was prepared in a remarkable way throughout the history of the people of Israel and by means of the Old Covenant. luris pro Eccl. Act 6, 2-6; 11, 30; 13, 1, 14, 23; 20, 17; 1 Thess. (34) The Lord Himself compared Himself to the stone which the builders rejected, but which was made into the cornerstone. Pius XII, Alloc. Haer, 111 24, 1: PG 7, 966 B; Harvey 2, 13i, ed. Cf. The Lord Jesus, after praying to the Father, calling to Himself those whom He desired, appointed twelve to be with Him, and whom He would send to preach the Kingdom of God;(137) and these apostles(138) He formed after the manner of a college or a stable group, over which He placed Peter chosen from among them. Cfr. Litt. October 2012 is the 50 th Anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council.Pope Benedict XVI declared October 11, 2012 until November 24, 2013 a Year of Faith.He said: It will be a moment of grace and commitment to a more complete conversion to God, to strengthen 3, ed. (5) Cfr. (32*) For this reason the individual bishops represent each his own church, but all of them together and with the Pope represent the entire Church in the bond of peace, love and unity. Kleutgen, textus reformstus De mysterio Verbi incarnati, cap. Offici, 24 apr. These elements, as gifts belonging to the Church of Christ, are forces impelling toward catholic unity. That is true in outstanding fashion of the mother of Jesus, who gave to the world Him who is Life itself and who renews all things, and who was enriched by God with the gifts which befit such a role. (163), The canonical mission of bishops can come about by legitimate customs that have not been revoked by the supreme and universal authority of the Church, or by laws made or recognized be that the authority, or directly through the successor of Peter himself; and if the latter refuses or denies apostolic communion, such bishops cannot assume any office.(38*). When she presented Him to the Lord in the temple, making the offering of the poor, she heard Simeon foretelling at the same time that her Son would be a sign of contradiction and that a sword would pierce the mother's soul, that out of many hearts thoughts might be revealed. 63: PL 16, 1218. IV: Mansi 53, 290. cfr. . Lc. This inauguration and this growth are both symbolized by the blood and water which flowed from the open side of a crucified Jesus,(5) and are foretold in the words of the Lord referring to His death on the Cross: "And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all things to myself". Lumen . A person is initiated into God's people not by physical birth, but by a . It gives great joy and comfort to this holy and general Synod that even among the separated brethren there are some who give due honor to the Mother of our Lord and Saviour, especially among the Orientals, who with devout mind and fervent impulse give honor to the Mother of God, ever virgin. But the faithful must cling to their bishop, as the Church does to Christ, and Jesus Christ to the Father, so that all may be of one mind through unity,(61*) and abound to the glory of God. (23*) Following the study of Sacred Scripture, the Holy Fathers, the doctors and liturgy of the Church, and under the guidance of the Church's magisterium, let them rightly illustrate the duties and privileges of the Blessed Virgin which always look to Christ, the source of all truth, sanctity and piety. (12) Cfr. Lumen Gentium represents an important synthesis of Biblical, Patristic, medieval and Tridentine ecclesiology, combined with orthodox elements of the new theological movement. 1923: AAS 15 (1923) p. 50 ct pp. Verified Purchase. Modus 84. "(53*) In these communities, though frequently small and poor, or living in the Diaspora, Christ is present, and in virtue of His presence there is brought together one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church. May all those who are weighed down with poverty, infirmity and sickness, as well as those who must bear various hardships or who suffer persecution for justice sakemay they all know they are united with the suffering Christ in a special way for the salvation of the world. . ad Diogneum, 6: ed. Pius IX itt. (4) Cfr., i. a., S. Augustinus, Enarr. (72) Ordo consecrationis sacerdotalis in praefatione. Let them confidently assign duties to them in the service of the Church, allowing them freedom and room for action. For the distinction which the Lord made between sacred ministers and the rest of the People of God bears within it a certain union, since pastors and the other faithful are bound to each other by a mutual need. (10) He is the Spirit of Life, a fountain of water springing up to life eternal. Eph. In this manner, they offer all men the example of unwearying and generous love; in this way they build up the brotherhood of charity; in so doing, they stand as the witnesses and cooperators in the fruitfulness of Holy Mother Church; by such lives, they are a sign and a participation in that very love, with which Christ loved His Bride and for which He delivered Himself up for her. 60. Therefore the promised restoration which we are awaiting has already begun in Christ, is carried forward in the mission of the Holy Spirit and through Him continues in the Church in which we learn the meaning of our terrestrial life through our faith, while we perform with hope in the future the work committed to us in this world by the Father, and thus work out our salvation. Encycl. (35) On this foundation the Church is built by the apostles,(36) and from it the Church receives durability and consolidation. 1904: Acta, I, p. 154- Denz. I also felt the need to explain why this document is important and . 19. Praeclara gratulationis, 20 iun. Lumen Gentium, ("Light of Nations", Vatican II, 1964) changed nothing in the ecclesiology of the Roman Catholic Church, and it was designed that way. Thus by its example and its witness it accuses the world of sin and enlightens those who seek the truth. 7, 111-116; Cow. 25, Decretum de Purgatorio: Denz. Hom. The order of bishops, which succeeds to the college of apostles and gives this apostolic body continued existence, is also the subject of supreme and full power over the universal Church, provided we understand this body together with its head the Roman Pontiff and never without this head. Symbolum Apostolicum: Denz. Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium 16, November 21, 1964 "But the plan of salvation also includes those who acknowledge the Creator, in the first place among whom are the Muslims: these profess to hold the faith of Abraham, and together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day." (212) They must diffuse in the world that spirit which animates the poor, the meek, the peace makerswhom the Lord in the Gospel proclaimed as blessed. Through her work, whatever good is in the minds and hearts of men, whatever good lies latent in the religious practices and cultures of diverse peoples, is not only saved from destruction but is also cleansed, raised up and perfected unto the glory of God, the confusion of the devil and the happiness of man. . The latter, on the other hand, aided by the experience of the laity, can more clearly and more incisively come to decisions regarding both spiritual and temporal matters. Eneyel. Since Jesus, the Son of God, manifested His charity by laying down His life for us, so too no one has greater love than he who lays down his life for Christ and His brothers. Pius XII, Alloc. Funk, I, p. 252. And in order that the episcopate itself might be one and undivided, He placed Blessed Peter over the other apostles, and instituted in him a permanent and visible source and foundation of unity of faith and communion. And behold I am with you all days even to the consummation of the world". Likewise, the holiness of the Church is fostered in a special way by the observance of the counsels proposed in the Gospel by Our Lord to His disciples. S.S.C.S. In the midst of the flock they adore Him in spirit and in truth. (37) De iuribus Sedium patriarchalium, cfr. becoming obedient to death",(233) and because of us "being rich, he became poor". (4) Cfr. Rom. Oec. Relatio officialis Zinelli, in Conc. The word "functions [munera]" is used deliberately instead of the word "powers [potestates]," because the latter word could be understood as a power fully ready to act. Mystici Corporis, 1. c., pp. Since this is so, the religious state, whose purpose is to free its members from earthly cares, more fully manifests to all believers the presence of heavenly goods already possessed here below. Overview Summary OVERVIEW Lumen gentium is a principal document of the Second Vatican Council. Apost. (14) Quoad gratitudinem erga ipsos Sanctos, cfr. - S. Io. 1, I, i, p. 22. 66. Pius XII, Litt. Mystici Corporis Christi is a papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII on June 29, 1943, during World War II, which affirms that the Church is the Mystical Body of Christ. 302 (600-601) . Origenes, In Is. 12, 15: PG 33, 741 AB. virg. All the laity as a community and each one according to his ability must nourish the world with spiritual fruits. Encycl. "College" is not understood in a strictly juridical sense, that is as a group of equals who entrust their power to their president, but as a stable group whose structure and authority must be learned from Revelation. In his consecration a person is given an ontological participation in the sacred functions [munera]; this is absolutely clear from Tradition, liturgical tradition included. In dorm. 10. Litt. Indeed, in order that love, as good seed may grow and bring forth fruit in the soul, each one of the faithful must willingly hear the Word of God and accept His Will, and must complete what God has begun by their own actions with the help of God's grace. In the first place among these ministers are deacons, who, in as much as they are dispensers of Christ's mysteries and servants of the Church,(9*) should keep themselves free from every vice and stand before men as personifications of goodness and friends of God. 6, 1: cd. (241), Already the final age of the world has come upon us (242) and the renovation of the world is irrevocably decreed and is already anticipated in some kind of a real way; for the Church already on this earth is signed with a sanctity which is real although imperfect. Leo XIII, Epist. 1: col. 1068 C. - S. Sophronius, Or. . Ant. Fr Vivian Boland tells us that in Christ, God's covenant with Israel becomes Good News for all humanity. It is the duty of the deacon, according as it shall have been assigned to him by competent authority, to administer baptism solemnly, to be custodian and dispenser of the Eucharist, to assist at and bless marriages in the name of the Church, to bring Viaticum to the dying, to read the Sacred Scripture to the faithful, to instruct and exhort the people, to preside over the worship and prayer of the faithful, to administer sacramentals, to officiate at funeral and burial services. 16, 21: PG 13, 1443 C, Tertullianus Adv. Thus every layman, in virtue of the very gifts bestowed upon him, is at the same time a witness and a living instrument of the mission of the Church itself "according to the measure of Christ's bestowal".(197). Without hierarchical communion the ontologico-sacramental function [munus], which is to be distinguished from the juridico-canonical aspect, cannot be exercised. They are warned by the Apostle to live "as becomes saints",(219) and to put on "as God's chosen ones, holy and beloved a heart of mercy, kindness, humility, meekness, patience",(220) and to possess the fruit of the Spirit in holiness. Pius XII, Litt. S. Cyprianus, Epist. : Denz. (42) Cfr. 4:13. A question has arisen regarding the precise theological note which should be attached to the doctrine that is set forth in the Schema de Ecclesia and is being put to a vote. Lumen Gentium, Light of the Nations, November 21, 1964. (35*) From this it follows that the individual bishops, insofar as their own discharge of their duty permits, are obliged to enter into a community of work among themselves and with the successor of Peter, upon whom was imposed in a special way the great duty of spreading the Christian name. (72), 8. . The Lord Jesus set it on its course by preaching the Good News, that is, the coming of the Kingdom of God, which, for centuries, had been promised in the Scriptures: "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand"(18). 1712l (3011). S. Thomas, Summa Theol. 1. (149)(16*), 21. III, q. In order to reach this perfection the faithful should . 28:16-20; Mk. Nor is God far distant from those who in shadows and images seek the unknown God, for it is He who gives to all men life and breath and all things,(127) and as Saviour wills that all men be saved. (14*) Therefore, the Sacred Council teaches that bishops by divine institution have succeeded to the place of the apostles, (15*) as shepherds of the Church, and he who hears them, hears Christ, and he who rejects them, rejects Christ and Him who sent Christ. Phil. (207) Now Christ has communicated this royal power to His disciples that they might be constituted in royal freedom and that by true penance and a holy life they might conquer the reign of sin in themselves. Gaudium et Spes, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, December 7, 1965. The Lumen Gentium says the Church is hierarchical. 41. Menti nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950) p. 660. 285 Cf. Encycl. Let it always be done in truth, in courage and in prudence, with reverence and charity toward those who by reason of their sacred office represent the person of Christ. Pius XII, Adhort. 30. And it is intimated also in the practice, introduced in ancient times, of summoning several bishops to take part in the elevation of the newly elected to the ministry of the high priesthood. Thus the Commission decided to write "pari ratione, " not "eadem ratione," in n. 22. n. 67. Sixteen major documents were produced: two dogmatic and pastoral constitutions, nine decrees and three declarations. (43) Cfr. In the same way the inner nature of the Church is now made known to us in different images taken either from tending sheep or cultivating the land, from building or even from family life and betrothals, the images receive preparatory shaping in the books of the Prophets. Encycl. Apost. Funk, I, p. 300: Christus dicitur . (15) De spirituali paupertate et oboedientia testimonia praccipua S.Scripturae et Patrum afferuntur in Relatione pp. 938 (1739-40). (119), It follows that though there are many nations there is but one people of God, which takes its citizens from every race, making them citizens of a kingdom which is of a heavenly rather than of an earthly nature. 1890 AAS 22 (1889-90) p. 392. The Church's role in all of this is first and foremost to be the gateway through which every person and all of human society receives life in Christ. Pius XII, Alloc. Ad catholici sacerdotii, 20 dec. 1935: AAS 28 (1936) p. 22 s. (8) Ordo consecrationis sacerdotalis, in Exhortatione initiali. (3) Cfr. They bring forth from the treasury of Revelation new things and old,(164) making it bear fruit and vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock. Encycl. 36, 4: Hartel, p. 575, lin. Hin Ch Tn L V Gio Hi - Lumen Gentium - 21/11/1964. Tuas libener: Denz. Decretum De Apostolatu laicorum, cap. Nicaenum II, Act. (1) Cfr. 959 (1766). Bardy, Sources Chr. B. V. Mariae, Hom. Rom., Ad Cor. Cf. Pius XII, Const. Tridentinum, Sess. in lob, XXVIII, V: PL 76, 455-456. 3, ad 1.) Florentinum, Decretum pro Graecis: Denz. Cast. Therefore, this document is written . Later. Humani genesis, 12 Aug. 1950: AAS 42 (1950) p. 571. In this way they are really made holy. Romanos Pontifices, 8 maii 1881: AAS 13 (1880-81) p. 483. Pius XII, Alloc. Inst. Alloc. 840 (1580). In this, then, their daily work they should climb to the heights of holiness and apostolic activity. 386-387. John the Evangelist says of Him: "Through him was life, and this life was the light of the human race" (Jn 1:4). (3*) They likewise exercise that priesthood in receiving the sacraments, in prayer and thanksgiving, in the witness of a holy life, and by self-denial and active charity. And We by the apostolic power given Us by Christ together with the Venerable Fathers in the Holy Spirit, approve, decree and establish it and command that what has thus been decided in the Council be promulgated for the glory of God. 1, 1 Col. 4, 11, et passim. They were further commanded by the apostles and Fathers of the Church, as well as by the doctors and pastors of souls. Deiparae, III: col. 361 D. S. Io. (47*), 26. (175), 28. 69, 6: PL 3, 1142 B; Hartel 3 B, p. 754: inseparabile unitatis sacramentum .. (2) Cfr. I XXlV, can. Chapter 1. (7) Cfr. onsist., 15 mart. C. Mohlberg, Sacramentarium Veronense, Romae, 195S, p. 119: ad summi sacerdotii ministerium Comple in sacerdotibus tuis mysterii tui summam. Idem, Liber Sacramentorum Romanae Ecclesiae Romae, 1960, pp. For all who are in Christ, having His Spirit, form one Church and cleave together in Him. They direct the conferring of baptism, by which a sharing in the kingly priesthood of Christ is granted. (25) Tertullianus, de Iciunio, 13: PL 2, 972 B; CSFL 20, p. 292,lin. 191, 2, 3: PL 38 1010; etc. (55) S. Leo M., Serm. Apost. It knows it through unfailing experience of it and commends it to the hearts of the faithful, so that encouraged by this maternal help they may the more intimately adhere to the Mediator and Redeemer. 'S field with much success. ( 10 * ), 21: PG 7, 1965 the... Almost unanimously, decided that this wording should be used: `` in hierarchical communion the function... [ munus ], which is to be distinguished from the juridico-canonical aspect, can not be exercised ``..., 21, 13: PL 38 1010 ; etc Christ is granted,,... S. Cyprianus, Hab conferring of baptism, by which a sharing in the midst of the Catholic.... Brightly over the face of the Church, is one of the flock they adore Him in Spirit in! B ; CSFL 20, p. 292, lin 9 dec. 1957: AAS 42 ( )! Them in the service of the Church, as gifts belonging to the of... 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